Target Group Research Articles

Reflections on Transformation, Teamwork, and Mentoring: Student Teachers’ Self-Assessed Learning, Equality, and Equity in Competence-Based Education

<p style="text-align:justify">This research concentrated on observing academic student teachers’ teamwork, especially its effectiveness and their attitudes to collaboration and transformation, as well as their reflective, written self-assessments in relation to teamwork. Teams have been studied widely, but these kinds of special contexts are rare. The target group was higher education teachers, the context was an introduction of a new pedagogical program, and the teams acted under the guidance of mentors and occasional lecturers. Besides the content analysis, the study method was a deep analysis of the essays. The most effective positive influencers proved to be social exchanges, including mentoring, peer support, input for learning and the experiences of wellbeing. Individual distrust of working methods in teams, and emotional suspicions of their self-efficacy in transformational settings emerged as latent factors, revealing mainly the difficulty of changing traditional mindsets. The analyses offered individual and community-wide opportunities to steer education in the future.</p>

Change-readiness instrument for library managers: development and analysis of a scale

PurposeThis study focuses on developing a scale that encompasses aspects of readiness to change by library management in dealing with the next normal scenario in libraries. It investigates measuring change readiness in terms of library service operations, workflows, administration, programs and spaces, which can give an overview of a library institution's preparedness to meet new roles and expectations.Design/methodology/approachThe descriptive quantitative research was employed using a two-phase approach. It attempts to design an instrument referred to as change-readiness instrument for library managers (CRILM), which was derived from an original self-developed questionnaire consisting of a 20-item readiness-for-change attributes. Validity and reliability of CRILM were tested using Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha. Sample size calculation was employed to determine the required number of subjects to participate in the study. Library managers who are head librarians from different types of libraries were the target samples. Content validation of the items was conducted for suitability and context.FindingsCRILM was tested both valid and reliable. The initial results yielded from the respondent sample indicated that CRILM is deemed suitable for measuring change-readiness among library managers and libraries. The factor-analyzed items were grouped into three subscales based on their characteristics, namely, flexibility in work and services, learning support readiness and adaptive to changing service environments.Research limitations/implicationsCRILM covered the major domains and constructs of change readiness in the context of a library setting. However, the scale should be subjected to further testing and use by a wider target group to strengthen its usability and confidence level. Item analysis was not employed.Practical implicationsThe results of the study offer help to library managers in assessing the readiness of their organizations to effectively manage change and be future-ready.Originality/valueThis study attempts to bridge the gap in readiness-for-change instruments by introducing a scale in the library service environment as a potential contribution in the practice of library management.

Non-communicable diseases, digital education and considerations for the Indian context – a scoping review

IntroductionThe increasing ageing of the population with growth in NCD burden in India has put unprecedented pressure on India’s health care systems. Shortage of skilled human resources in health, particularly of specialists equipped to treat NCDs, is one of the major challenges faced in India. Keeping in view the shortage of healthcare professionals and the guidelines in NEP 2020, there is an urgent need for more health professionals who have received training in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of NCDs. This paper conducts a scoping review and aims to collate the existing evidence on the use of digital education of health professionals within NCD topics.MethodsWe searched four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO Education Research Complete, and PsycINFO) using a three-element search string with terms related to digital education, health professions, and terms related to NCD. The inclusion criteria covered the studies to be empirical and NCD-related with the target population as health professionals rather than patients. Data was extracted from 28 included studies that reported on empirical research into digital education related to non-communicable diseases in health professionals in India. Data were analysed thematically.ResultsThe target groups were mostly in-service health professionals, but a considerable number of studies also included pre-service students of medicine (n = 6) and nursing (n = 6). The majority of the studies included imparted online learning as self-study, while some imparted blended learning and online learning with the instructor. While a majority of the studies included were experimental or observational, randomized control trials and evaluations were also part of our study.DiscussionDigital HPE related to NCDs has proven to be beneficial for learners, and simultaneously, offers an effective way to bypass geographical barriers. Despite these positive attributes, digital HPE faces many challenges for its successful implementation in the Indian context. Owing to the multi-lingual and diverse health professional ecosystem in India, there is a need for strong evidence and guidelines based on prior research in the Indian context.

Oxygen targets following immediate percutaneous coronary intervention in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - a BOX sub-study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The Novo Nordisk Foundation The Lundbeck Foundation. Background Treatment with supplemental oxygen in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has previously been associated with poorer outcomes. However, in patients with AMI resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and undergoing immediate revascularization, evidence regarding specific oxygen targets is sparse. Purpose To assess the impact of a restrictive versus a liberal oxygen target on infarct size in OHCA patients undergoing immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods The current study is a sub-study of the BOX trial, a randomized trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design, in which comatose OHCA patients with a presumed cardiac cause of arrest were randomly assigned to either a restrictive oxygen target (partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2) of 9 to 10 kPa) or a liberal oxygen target (Pao2 of 13 to 14 kPa). In this sub-study we included patients who underwent immediate revascularization with PCI. The primary outcome was myocardial infarct size as assessed by the cardiac enzyme troponin-T (TnT). TnT was measured repeatedly during the first 72 hours and analyzed with a repeated measures variance component model with baseline adjustment. Secondary outcome was one-year all-cause mortality assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results A total of 329 patients underwent immediate PCI, whereof 172 patients were randomized to the restrictive oxygen target and 157 to the liberal oxygen target. The oxygen intervention was successful with a significantly higher PaO2 in the liberal oxygen target group during the first 72 hours (p<0.0001). Baseline characteristics and findings on coronary angiography (CAG) were similar in the two oxygen target groups. Thus, median age was 63 (interquartile range (IQR) 55–71), 81% were male, and estimated left ventricular ejection fraction on arrival to hospital was 35% (IQR 25–45%). Further, 74% of the patients had an initial postresuscitation electrocardiogram with ST-segment elevations, and the left anterior descending artery was deemed as culprit lesion in 49% of the patients. There was no difference in peak TnT between the restrictive and liberal oxygen target group (median 2540 (IQR 925–6420) versus 3410 (792–8630), ng/l, p=0.23), nor did TnT differ between the groups during the first 72 hours after admission (Figure 1, p=1.00). Within one year from admission, 120 patients (36.5%) had died. There was no difference in mortality between the restrictive (34%) and liberal (39%) oxygen target group (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.56-1.14; p=0.21) (Figure 2). Conclusion Targeting a restrictive versus a liberal oxygen level in comatose survivors of OHCA who underwent immediate revascularization did not affect infarct size nor did it result in a significant difference in one-year mortality rate.Figure 1:Troponin-T levelsFigure 2:Kaplan-Meier curves

Health-related quality of life and impact of socioeconomic status among primary and secondary school students after the third COVID-19 wave in Berlin, Germany.

In the earlier phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, studies in Germany and elsewhere found an overall reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among students. However, there is little evidence on later pandemic stages as well as socioeconomic influencing factors. We aimed to (1) describe HRQoL in a Berlin student cohort at two time points in mid-2021, and to (2) analyze the effects of household income and education. We assessed HRQoL of students from 24 randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Berlin, Germany, with the KIDSCREEN-10 index in June and September 2021. To adjust for non-response bias, inverse probability weighting was applied. The potential effects of both household income and education (lower vs. higher) were estimated in generalized linear mixed models, based on prior assumptions presented in directed acyclic graphs. Our cohort comprised 660 students aged 7-19 years. In June 2021, 11.3% [95% CI = 9.0% - 14.0%] reported low HRQoL, whereas in September 2021, this increased to 13.7% [95% CI = 11.1% - 16.5%], with adolescent girls more frequently reporting low HRQoL at both time points (20% [95% CI = 17.1% - 23.3%] and 29% [95% CI = 25.5% - 32.5%]) compared to boys and younger children. While there was no statistically significant total effect of lower household income on HRQoL, a negative effect of lower household education was statistically significant (β = -2.15, SE 0.95, 95% CI = -4.01 to -0.29, p = 0.024). In summary, students' HRQoL in mid-2021 was better than that documented in other studies conducted at pandemic onset using KIDSCREEN-10. Female adolescents reported low HRQoL more often, and lower household education significantly reduced children's HRQoL. Support strategies for psychosocial wellbeing should consider socioeconomically disadvantaged children as important target groups.

Translation and initial cross-cultural adaptation of the tool for support-gradual return-to-work for persons with chronic musculoskeletal pain to the Swedish setting.

A well-defined and clear procedure is a key factor supporting return-to-work and enhancing collaboration and understanding between employers and employees. The adaptation of the Tool for Support-Gradual Return to Work, TS-GRTW, addresses relevant cultural aspects valuable for wider adoption. develop a Swedish version, the GRTWswe, for implementation and integration into the Swedish labor market's RTW process. This involved translating, culturally adapting, and assessing the appropriateness and utility. In the initial step, a double back translation was performed to create an initial translated version. This version was then utilized in individual consultations, accompanied by an agreement questionnaire. For the subsequent step, group consultations were held to refine and customize the tool to suit the Swedish context. Ten occupational therapists completed the questionnaires, with mean agreement scores surpassing three on a four-point scale. Out of these, nine participated in group consultations. The findings suggest the requirement for specific modifications to the GRTWswe. These adaptations are essential because of cultural differences in organizational structures and reference frameworks. Moreover, participants unanimously agreed to broaden the scope of target groups, encompassing employees without regard for diagnosis and expanding the range of professions that can utilize this tool. This step aims to enhance the tool's applicability and usefulness. The study found strong alignment between questionnaire responses and group consultations outcomes, affirming the adapted tool's suitability for use in a Swedish context. The tool benefits employers and employees by enhancing communication, encouraging collaboration, and structuring processes, promising lasting improvements to work conditions.

Fostering Open Data Practices in Research-Performing Organizations

Open data provide the scientific community and other stakeholders with unrestricted access to data. Open data serve as a foundation for reproducing research findings, while also facilitating collaboration and enabling novel discoveries. However, open data practices are still not commonly applied. To contribute to the implementation of open data strategy in academia in Austria and beyond, a collection of local strategies from regional universities and higher education institutions in the Austrian provinces of Styria and Carinthia was compiled through workshop-based discussions between participants from research support service units at research-performing organizations. The collection was further organized into categories based on application time scenarios, target groups, and involved parties, as well as corresponding thematic focus. A strategic guide consisting of various measures has been developed to encourage the adoption of open data practices from an organizational standpoint. Designed for adaptability, it aims to be applicable and modifiable by all interested research and higher education institutions, regardless of their priorities and resources. Our guideline aids research organizations in crafting a tailored strategy to enhance their data dissemination practices, thereby increasing their research visibility and impact.

„Podatek od bycia kobietą?”, czyli tak zwane podatki: różowy i od tamponów. Analiza porównawcza stanu faktycznego w Polsce i Stanach Zjednoczonych

This article presents the problem of price discrimination resulting from different taxation of hygiene products intended exclusively for use by menstruating people. The analysis includes a comparison of the actual situation in Poland and the United States in terms of taxation of peri-menstrual hygiene products, such as tampons, sanitary pads, pads, as well as basic hygiene products. The article raises the issue of the existence of the "Pink Tax" in Poland and its connection with gender marketing, i.e. the use of gender differences to direct products to specific target groups.

People with intellectual disability and their risk of exposure to violence: Identification and prevention - a literature review.

The aim of the literature review was to identify knowledge and knowledge gaps concerning risks of violence toward children, youth, adults and elderly with intellectual disabilities, and how risks can be identified and prevented. The research revealed that children, youths and adults labelled with intellectual disabilities are more exposed to violence than others and that the target group lack knowledge about risks of violence and what it means to be exposed to violence. It was also found that professionals who work with people with intellectual disabilities may lack knowledge about violence, and those who work with violence lack knowledge about intellectual disabilities. There is thus a need to further elaborate routines to identify exposure to violence, and to identify the target group and a need to create collaborative teams with professionals who have in-depth knowledge of violence, and those who have in-depth knowledge about the target group.

The General Public and Young Adults’ Knowledge and Perception of Palliative Care: A Systematic Review

Background: As a result of demographic change, chronic and oncological diseases are gaining importance in the context of public health. Palliative care plays a crucial role in maintaining the quality of life of those affected. International guidelines demand access to palliative care not only for the elderly but also for younger people who face severe illnesses. It can be assumed that palliative care will become increasingly important for them. In order to develop public health strategies which are able to promote palliative care, it is important to assess the knowledge of, and attitude towards, palliative care as found among members of the general public and its specific target groups. In particular, little is known about young adults’ knowledge and perceptions of palliative care. Objectives and design: This work aimed to assess the understanding and viewpoints regarding palliative care among the general population and among young adults aged 18 to 24. We therefore conducted a systematic review, which, for this target population, could be seen as a novel approach. Methods: Exclusion and inclusion criteria were developed using the PICOS process. Literature was researched within MEDLINE (via PubMed), Google Scholar and Web of Science. A search string was developed and refined for all three databases. Grey literature was included. Duplicates were excluded using Mendeley. The literature was independently screened by two researchers. Narrative synthesis was used to answer the main research question. Results: For the general public, palliative care is still associated with death and dying and comforting sick people towards the end of their lives. Multiple social determinants are linked to better knowledge of palliative care: higher education, higher income, female gender, having relatives that received palliative care, and permanent employment. The population’s knowledge of palliative care structures increases, the longer such structures have been established within a country. Young adults are familiar with the term palliative care, yet their understanding lacks nuance. They associate palliative care with death and dying and perceive palliative care to be a medical discipline primarily for the elderly. Nevertheless, young adults demand participation within the planning of interventions to destigmatize palliative care. Conclusions: The general public still lacks a detailed understanding of palliative care. Palliative care faces stigma at multiple levels, which creates barriers for those who set out to implement it. However, addressing young adults as a crucial peer group can help break down barriers and promote access to palliative care.

Women’s involvement in decision-making and association with reproductive health behaviors: findings from a cross-sectional survey in Niger

BackgroundThough women in Niger are largely responsible for the familial health and caretaking, prior research shows limited female autonomy in healthcare decisions. This study extends current understanding of women’s participation in decision-making and its influence on reproductive health behaviors.MethodsCross-sectional survey with married women (15–49 years, N = 2,672) in Maradi and Zinder Niger assessed women’s participation in household decision-making in health and non-health issues. Analyses examined [1] if participation in household decision-making was associated with modern contraceptive use, antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and skilled birth attendance at last delivery and [2] what individual, interpersonal, and community-level factors were associated with women’s participation in decision-making.ResultsOnly 16% of the respondents were involved—either autonomously or jointly with their spouse—in all three types of household decisions: (1) large purchase, (2) visiting family/parents, and (3) decisions about own healthcare. Involvement in decision making was significantly associated with increased odds of current modern contraceptive use [aOR:1.36 (95% CI: 1.06–1.75)] and four or more ANC visits during their recent pregnancy [aOR:1.34 (95% CI: 1.00-1.79)], when adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. There was no significant association between involvement in decision-making and skilled birth attendance at recent delivery. Odds of involvement in decision-making was significantly associated with increasing age and household wealth status, listening to radio, and involvement in decision-making about their own marriage.ConclusionWomen’s engagement in decision-making positively influences their reproductive health. Social and behavior change strategies to shift social norms and increase opportunities for women’s involvement in household decision making are needed. For example, radio programs can be used to inform specific target groups on how women’s decision-making can positively influence reproductive health while also providing specific actions to achieve change. Opportunities exist to enhance women’s voice either before women enter marital partnerships or after (for instance, using health and social programming).

Participation and satisfaction with thee-learning course “Mental health promotion in school health care”: a mixed-method study

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the participation and satisfaction of learners with the brief “Mental health promotion in school health care” e-learning course, and to describe factors related to their participation and satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach A convergent mixed-method study with a descriptive, posttest-only design was conducted in Finland. Quantitative data was collected from the learning portal data and via an electronic feedback questionnaire and qualitative data in four focus group discussions. Findings The three modules of the course were opened altogether 12,922 times during the 21 months period. The identified factors influencing participation within the course were: favorite methods attracting attention, the relevance of additional information and postprocessing boosting diligence. The learners’ satisfaction with the course was high. The factors identified for improving satisfaction were: filling gaps in earlier education, clear and concise structure and content, inspiring and interesting design and suitability for clinical use. In addition to the primary target group (school nurses), the course was well-participated and evaluated as satisfying among other health and social care professionals as well as undergraduate students. Originality/value This study demonstrates demand for brief, fully online mental health trainings among school nurses, but also among other health and social care professionals and students. The results indicate that learners perceive such training as beneficial. This paper also presents a novel training intervention and its pedagogical base.

Prevalence of human respiratory pathogens and associated mucosal cytokine levels in young children and adults: a cross-sectional observational study in the Netherlands during the winter of 2012/2013.

Respiratory pathogens can cause severe disease and even death, especially in the very young and very old. Studies investigating their prevalence often focus on individuals presenting to healthcare providers with symptoms. However, the design of prevention strategies, e.g. which target groups to vaccinate, will benefit from knowledge on the prevalence of, risk factors for and host response to these pathogens in the general population. In this study, upper respiratory samples (n=1311) were collected cross-sectionally during winter from 11- and 24-month old children, their parents, and adults ≥60 years of age that were recruited irrespective of seeking medical care. Almost all children, approximately two thirds of parents and a quarter of older adults tested positive for at least one pathogen, often in the absence of symptoms. Viral interference was evident for the combination of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Attending childcare facilities and having siblings associated with increased pathogen counts in children. On average, children showed increased levels of mucosal cytokines compared to parents and especially pro-inflammatory molecules associated with the presence of symptoms. These findings may guide further research into transmission patterns of respiratory pathogens and assist in determining the most appropriate strategies for the prediction and prevention of disease.

Development and validation of a job aid: Tool to reduce infections in home-based stroke.

Stroke patients who are discharged from hospital because of limited access to rehabilitation facilities are cared for by lay caregivers who at times have limited knowledge of infection prevention and control (IPC). User-friendly educational interventions can help bridge this knowledge gap and enhance safe care of these persons. To describe the development and validation of educational interventions for home-based stroke patients. The validation process enhanced the reliability and validity of the job aid resulting in standardised quality patient care of stroke patients. Mutasa district, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe. The systematic six steps in quality intervention development guided the development of the job aid. Graphic designers assisted with development of diagrams and annotations. A purposively selected eight-member panel of IPC expert reviewers was invited to validate the job aid using a standardised validation tool. The panel agreed that the job aid's title, target group and media of instruction were adequately explained, and the background could be easily understood during practice. The content was approved with some modifications on the description of instructions to caregivers. Seven reviewers agreed that the materials used ensured understandability, acceptability, practicability and usability of the educational interventions by caregivers, and one reviewer was neutral in commenting effectiveness of the job aid. The developed job aid addressed knowledge barriers in IPC for caregivers, and the reviewers confirmed that the developed job aid was adequate for effective use by lay home-based caregivers.Contribution:Utilisation of this intervention standardises patient care practices.

KIJANI App to Promote Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents: Protocol for a Mixed Method Evaluation.

The prevalence of physical inactivity among children and adolescents is alarmingly high despite the well-documented and comprehensive benefits of regular physical activity (PA). Therefore, PA promotion should start early in childhood and adolescence. Although reducing recreational screen time in children and adolescents is an urgent concern, digital approaches have the potential to make activity promotion attractive and age appropriate for the target group. KIJANI is a mobile app approach to promote PA in children and adolescents via gamification and augmented reality. This study protocol aims to describe the KIJANI intervention in detail, as well as the evaluation approach. KIJANI is based on the concept that virtual coins can be earned through PA, for example, in the form of a collected step count. With these coins, in turn, blocks can be bought, which can be used to create virtual buildings and integrate them into the player's real-world environment via augmented reality. PA of users is detected via accelerometers integrated into the smartphones. KIJANI can be played at predefined play locations that were comprehensively identified as safe, child-friendly, and attractive for PA by the target group in a partner project. The evaluation process will be divided into 2 different stages. The phase-I evaluation will be a mixed methods approach with one-on-one semistructured interviews and questionnaires to evaluate the user experience and receive feedback from the target group. After the implementation of results and feedback from the target group, the phase-II evaluation will proceed in the form of a 2-arm randomized controlled trial, in which the effectiveness of KIJANI will be assessed via objectively measured PA as well as questionnaires. The study received ethical approval from the ethical board of the Technical University of Munich. Participants for the phase-I evaluation are currently being recruited. The study will help to determine the efficacy, applicability, and user experience of a gamified activity promotion application in children and adolescents. Overall, digital health approaches provide easy and wide reachability at low cost and are age appropriate and attractive for the target group of adolescents. Strategies have to be developed to apply digital health approaches in the best possible way for activity promotion. DERR1-10.2196/55156.

Experiences of managers and staff working in community-based mental health with people ageing with severe mental health problems.

Existing research shows that older people with severe mental health problems need different forms of support in daily life and in the community to lead an active and meaningful life. A common form of support for people with severe mental health problems in Sweden is attendance at community-based day centres (DCs). However, knowledge of staff and managers' experiences of how people ageing with severe mental health problems are supported in DCs is scarce. The aim was to explore DC staff and managers' experiences of how people ageing with severe mental health problems are supported in DCs during the retirement process. Telephone interviews were conducted with managers in 27 municipalities in southern Sweden. In addition, focus groups were held with personnel from a total of nine different DCs. The material was analysed using content analysis. The results showed that older people who receive support in community-based mental health care were viewed as a neglected group with complex needs, and the informants (managers and staff) had few policies to guide them when providing support. This made the informants desire more knowledge about best practices to support the target group. One theme emerged, Minding the gap between ideal and reality while working with a neglected group with complex needs, with three categories: Reasoning around unmet needs, Navigating in a muddled organisation, and Wishing for an enriched service. Together with previous research, the results can contribute to increase awareness about an overlooked group at risk of being neglected and the pitfalls that impact the possibility to guide this target group in their recovery journey. Further research focusing on the target group's own experience of their everyday life situations is also needed.

KoBBQ: Korean Bias Benchmark for Question Answering

Abstract Warning: This paper contains examples of stereotypes and biases. The Bias Benchmark for Question Answering (BBQ) is designed to evaluate social biases of language models (LMs), but it is not simple to adapt this benchmark to cultural contexts other than the US because social biases depend heavily on the cultural context. In this paper, we present KoBBQ, a Korean bias benchmark dataset, and we propose a general framework that addresses considerations for cultural adaptation of a dataset. Our framework includes partitioning the BBQ dataset into three classes—Simply-Transferred (can be used directly after cultural translation), Target-Modified (requires localization in target groups), and Sample-Removed (does not fit Korean culture)—and adding four new categories of bias specific to Korean culture. We conduct a large-scale survey to collect and validate the social biases and the targets of the biases that reflect the stereotypes in Korean culture. The resulting KoBBQ dataset comprises 268 templates and 76,048 samples across 12 categories of social bias. We use KoBBQ to measure the accuracy and bias scores of several state-of-the-art multilingual LMs. The results clearly show differences in the bias of LMs as measured by KoBBQ and a machine-translated version of BBQ, demonstrating the need for and utility of a well-constructed, culturally aware social bias benchmark.

Type 2 diabetes in the employed population: do rates and trends differ among nine occupational sectors? An analysis using German health insurance claims data

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well established in the literature. However, within the background of changing work contexts associated with digitalization and its effect on lifestyle and sedentary behavior, little is known on T2D prevalence and trends among different occupational groups. This study aims to examine occupational sector differences in T2D prevalence and trends thereof between 2012 and 2019.MethodsThe study was done on 1.683.644 employed individuals using data from the German statutory health insurance provider in Lower Saxony, the “Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Niedersachsen” (AOKN). Predicted probabilities for T2D prevalence in four two-year periods between 2012 and 2019 were estimated based on logistic regression analyses for nine occupational sectors. Prevalence ratios were calculated to illustrate the effect of time period on the prevalence of T2D among the nine occupational sectors. Analyses were stratified by gender and two age groups.ResultsResults showed differences among occupational sectors in the predicted probabilities for T2D. The occupational sectors “Transport, logistics, protection and security” and “Health sector, social work, teaching & education” had the highest predicted probabilities, while those working in the sector “Agriculture” had by far the lowest predicted probabilities for T2D. Over all, there appeared to be a rising trend in T2D prevalence among younger employed individuals, with gender differences among occupational sectors.ConclusionThe study displayed different vulnerability levels among occupational sectors with respect to T2D prevalence overall and for its rising trend among the younger age group. Specific occupations within the vulnerable sectors need to be focused upon in further research to define specific target groups to which T2D prevention interventions should be tailored.

Quality of services in health education nurse-led clinics: an Iranian service providers and service recipients experience

BackgroundPatient education is a vital role of nurses in nurse-led clinics(NLCs). Since 2011, independent NLCs entitled health education Nurse-led clinics(HENLCs) have been established in Iran. In order for this newly developed service to be able to perform perfectly in implementation and evaluation, it should be explained based on one of the quality evaluation models. The objective of the study was to determine the dimension of service quality in HENLCs based on service providers’ and service recipients’ experience.MethodsThis research is a qualitative study of directed content analysis type conducted between May and November 2020. Twenty-nine participants who had rich experiences in the patient education in HENLCs were interviewed in this study. Asarroodi et al.’s (2018) qualitative content analysis method was used for data analysis, and MaxQDA software was used for data management. We used credibility, dependability, and Confirmability to confirm the trustworthiness of the study’s findings.ResultsIn this study service providers including managers, policymakers, decision-makers, nurses, physicians, and service recipients including patients and families participated. Seven generic categories, including (1) a competent and self-motivated nurse educator, (2) an easily accessible and comfortable environment, (3) informational-educational materials and health education equipment, (4) motivational facilities, (5) access to the health education support team, (6) organizational communication supporting the education process, and (7) receiving the patient education fee, constituted the main category of structure. Five generic categories, including (1) assessment and determination of the educational needs of the target group, (2) description of the nurse’s duties, (3) teaching-learning methods, (4) patient referral, and (5) the process of preparing and publishing educational content, constituted the main category of process. One generic category called evaluation constituted the main category of outcome.ConclusionBased on the results of this study, it is suggested to managers to pay attention to the dimensions of the quality model of Donabedian (SPO) in setting up and developing the performance of HENLCs, it is recommended that future quantitative studies based on the categories formed in this study evaluate the observance of the dimensions of structure, process and outcome.

Trauma-sensitive school concepts for students with a refugee background: a review of international studies

Children and adolescents with a refugee background are at high risk for traumatization. Once they arrive in safe countries, schools are the institutions where teachers are responsible for caring for them sensitively and competently. Furthermore, schools are organized in learning groups consisting of multiple peers of the same age, which provides excellent opportunities for social learning and experiences of social support. In this respect, schools are the appropriate places where preventive concepts can be applied to students with a refugee background. This systematic review summarizes studies that examine or evaluate existing international concepts of trauma-sensitive schools for supporting traumatized students with a refugee background. Based on N = 41 selected articles, 17 relevant concepts of trauma-sensitive schools were identified. In 35.3% of the concepts, traumatized students with a refugee background are explicitly included in the target group of the concept, while 47.1% of the concepts refer to groups of students with trauma as a result of various adverse childhood experiences, which also occur more frequently within the population of refugee children and adolescents 17.6% of the concepts contain specific adaptations for pupils with a refugee background. The majority of these concepts were developed in the United States. Additional concepts can be reported for Australia, the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Cambodia. Based on available empirical data, no significant effectiveness regarding the researched concepts’ effects on academic and other school-related data can be determined. Although some studies indicate positive effects concerning school-related target variables, most of the studies have only limited significance due to inadequate research designs and methodological deficiencies. Therefore, there is a great need for further development, careful implementation, and evaluation of trauma-sensitive concepts in schools, especially for the growing group of refugee students.